Overview of the Federal Aviation Investigation Process
When a plane crash occurs — whether involving a commercial jet, private aircraft, or helicopter — a formal investigation is typically launched by federal authorities to determine the cause of the accident and assess liability. These investigations are essential not only for improving air safety, but also for providing crucial evidence in aviation accident lawsuits.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is the lead agency responsible for investigating civil aviation accidents in the United States. In some cases, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other agencies may also assist in the process, particularly when the accident involves regulatory violations or air traffic control issues.
Step-by-Step Breakdown of the Process
1. Notification and Initial Response
The investigation begins when a crash is reported to the NTSB, which then dispatches a “Go Team” to the scene. This group includes specialists in areas such as:
- Aircraft structures
- Powerplants (engines)
- Human factors
- Operations and air traffic control
- Maintenance and records
The FAA, local law enforcement, and sometimes the FBI (if foul play is suspected) may also respond.
2. On-Scene Investigation
Investigators secure the crash site, document the wreckage, and collect physical evidence. This may include:
- Photographing the crash scene and debris field
- Recovering the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR), if available
- Interviewing witnesses, emergency responders, and air traffic controllers
- Examining maintenance records, pilot logs, and aircraft inspection history
For private and small aircraft, which often lack black boxes, investigators rely heavily on physical evidence, pilot reports, and maintenance documentation.
3. Data Analysis and Laboratory Work
After evidence is collected, components such as engines or instruments may be shipped to NTSB labs for further testing. Investigators will:
- Reconstruct the sequence of events leading to the crash
- Examine engine performance, flight controls, and potential system malfunctions
- Analyze pilot decision-making, training, fatigue, or potential medical issues
- Assess weather conditions, mechanical failures, and other contributing factors
Experts may also recreate the flight path using radar, GPS data, or digital flight logs.
4. Interim Updates and Preliminary Reports
Within a few weeks of the crash, the NTSB typically releases a preliminary report, summarizing basic facts and the scope of the ongoing investigation. These early findings help establish timelines and early hypotheses but do not assign blame.
In high-profile or complex cases, the NTSB may provide public updates or hold press briefings.
5. Final Report and Probable Cause Determination
The final report is issued months — sometimes more than a year — after the incident. It includes:
- A detailed analysis of all evidence
- A probable cause statement identifying the main cause(s) of the crash
- Safety recommendations to prevent future accidents
- Discussions of systemic failures, if applicable
While the NTSB does not assign legal liability, its findings are critical in aviation litigation.
Legal Implications of Federal Findings
NTSB investigations are fact-finding only and cannot be used to determine civil or criminal liability. However, their reports can serve as valuable resources for attorneys representing victims and families in aviation injury or wrongful death claims.
Key insights that may support a lawsuit include:
- Evidence of mechanical failure or manufacturing defects
- Violations of FAA maintenance or operation regulations
- Poor training or pilot error
- Negligent aircraft maintenance by third parties
A qualified aviation accident attorney can work alongside industry experts to review the NTSB’s findings, gather additional evidence, and file claims against responsible parties — including aircraft manufacturers, maintenance companies, and flight operators.
Speak with an Aviation Accident Lawyer Today
At Spagnoletti Law Firm, our plane crash lawyers have extensive experience handling cases involving serious injury and loss of life in aviation accidents. If you or a loved one has been harmed and are seeking legal guidance, call 713-804-9306 today for a free consultation.